Open-source alternatives to Zksync

Stellar Core is the primary software implementation of the Stellar blockchain network, serving as a distributed ledger and a Federated Byzantine Agreement system. It functions as a core node that maintains the shared state of the network and provides a runtime environment for executing WebAssembly smart contracts. The project enables the creation and management of digital assets, including the implementation of decentralized exchanges through distributed orderbooks and automated liquidity pools. It facilitates cross-border payment settlement by routing assets via path payments and bridging di

OpenZeppelin Contracts is a library of modular, secure, and reusable smart contract components designed for the development of decentralized applications. It provides a foundational framework for building standard-compliant contracts, offering battle-tested implementations for token standards, access control, and common utility patterns. The project distinguishes itself through its comprehensive support for complex architectural patterns, including proxy-based upgradeability, role-based access control, and account abstraction. It enables developers to implement modular logic injection via hoo

This project is an Ethereum zero-knowledge rollup protocol and EVM-compatible execution layer designed for layer two scaling. It provides an environment that runs unmodified bytecode to ensure smart contracts operate without requiring manual changes, finalizing state transitions on the Ethereum mainnet. The system is distinguished by a decentralized sequencer network that manages transaction ordering and preconfirmations to accelerate finality. It employs a hybrid verification model combining zero-knowledge proofs and trusted execution environments to validate state transitions, alongside a m

Optimism is an Ethereum optimistic rollup stack designed to increase transaction throughput by processing transactions on a secondary layer and settling the state on the Ethereum mainnet. It functions as a scaling framework that utilizes a rollup sequencer to order transactions, produce blocks, and submit batched data to the primary blockchain. The system features a fraud proof system that uses on-chain instruction emulation to resolve disputes and verify the correctness of state transitions. It includes a dedicated toolset for deploying and upgrading the smart contracts required to bootstrap

Anoma is a distributed operating system designed to abstract the complexities of blockchain networks into a unified interface for cross-chain coordination. At its core, the platform utilizes a resource-based state machine and an intent-centric execution model, where user-defined goals are processed and settled by decentralized solvers rather than through direct, manual execution. This architecture enables the creation of applications that operate across heterogeneous distributed networks while maintaining a consistent developer and user experience. The platform distinguishes itself through a

Web3Modal is a wallet connection interface and onboarding toolkit used to link external cryptocurrency wallets to applications across multiple blockchain networks. It provides a unified user interface for managing digital wallet connections and tracking user authentication sessions. The project features an embedded social wallet system that enables non-custodial wallet provisioning via social logins and email to remove the requirement for seed phrases. It also includes an account abstraction framework for deploying programmable smart accounts and a multi-chain provider router to manage transa

AppKit is a multi-chain wallet connection kit and onboarding framework designed to integrate diverse blockchain networks into a unified interface. It provides a comprehensive suite for connecting applications to EVM, Solana, Bitcoin, TON, and TRON ecosystems, facilitating both self-custodial wallet linking and the creation of new accounts. The project distinguishes itself through a Web3 onboarding system that utilizes social and email-based authentication to generate embedded wallets, reducing cryptographic friction for new users. It further supports advanced identity management via a blockch

go-ibax is a blockchain protocol platform and decentralized application infrastructure used to deploy networks with custom governance and token economics. It provides a foundation for building decentralized applications through a framework that integrates identity management and on-chain data storage. The project features a multilingual virtual machine capable of executing smart contracts written in Go, Rust, and Solidity. It implements a sharded blockchain network to increase throughput and a privacy layer utilizing zero-knowledge proofs and homomorphic encryption to anonymize transaction da

This project serves as a comprehensive educational roadmap and technical resource collection for developers building decentralized finance applications. It provides a structured curriculum that guides users through the entire lifecycle of blockchain development, from mastering smart contract architecture and security best practices to integrating decentralized infrastructure into modern web applications. The repository distinguishes itself by offering a holistic view of the decentralized ecosystem, bridging the gap between low-level protocol interaction and high-level application design. It c

Grin is a protocol implementation and blockchain node that provides a confidential transaction system. It uses Pedersen Commitments and homomorphic encryption to verify value integrity and ensure a consistent money supply without revealing specific transaction amounts or participant identities. The project distinguishes itself through an interactive transaction exchange model, where wallets coordinate multi-round data exchanges to build signed transactions. To maintain anonymity, the system supports onion-routed transaction delivery and masks originating IP addresses through specialized relay

Zcash is a privacy-preserving cryptocurrency that operates a blockchain where transactions can be shielded using zero-knowledge proofs. Its reference full node, zcashd, stores the complete transaction history and validates both transparent and shielded transactions, preserving confidentiality for sender, receiver, and amount. The node implements the Sapling and Orchard shielded protocols, with Orchard using the Halo2 proving scheme to eliminate the need for a trusted setup. It offers a dual-address model that lets users choose per transaction between transparent (fully public) and shielded (p

BTCPay Server is a non-custodial payment gateway and invoice manager designed for accepting Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies directly into a private wallet. It serves as a self-hosted payment infrastructure that allows merchants to manage digital invoicing and storefronts without relying on third-party intermediaries. The system distinguishes itself through a non-custodial wallet architecture that ensures private keys remain on the user's own hardware or server. It integrates the Lightning Network for instant, low-cost transactions and provides a hardware-wallet signing bridge to secure tra

rippled is a peer-to-peer node implementation for the XRP Ledger. It serves as a distributed ledger consensus engine and a blockchain API gateway, allowing servers to validate transactions and maintain a shared, immutable sequence of ledger state. The project features a built-in decentralized exchange engine capable of executing atomic cross-currency payments and managing order books. It includes an on-chain asset management system for issuing and controlling fungible tokens and NFTs, as well as a Byzantine Fault Tolerant system for coordinating validators. The platform provides comprehensiv

Monero is a privacy-focused cryptocurrency and proof-of-work blockchain designed for private digital payments. It utilizes a peer-to-peer network and a distributed ledger to allow users to send and receive currency while hiding transaction senders, receivers, and amounts. The system achieves financial confidentiality through the use of ring signatures for sender obfuscation and RingCT with Bulletproofs to hide transaction values. To ensure network security and decentralization, it employs a memory-hard proof-of-work algorithm optimized for general-purpose CPUs. The project provides a full no

This repository contains the technical specification and architectural blueprint for a decentralized network protocol designed to coordinate autonomous agents. It defines a system model for a global autonomous agentic internet, covering protocol engineering, tokenomics, and the structural design of the network infrastructure. The protocol focuses on a programmable payment system that utilizes trustless atomic swaps and specific spending conditions to release funds. It incorporates a privacy-preserving framework for off-chain transaction execution, allowing service providers and users to maint

This project provides the formal technical specifications and reference logic for the Ethereum proof-of-stake consensus layer. It defines the standards for block production, state transition rules, and the beacon chain logic required to ensure consistent network agreement. The implementation covers specialized mechanisms for chain security and efficiency, including fork-choice algorithms for canonical chain determination, committee-based signature aggregation, and KZG-based blob commitments for data availability. It also specifies the protocols for light client synchronization using sync comm

Lnd is a full implementation of the Lightning Network protocol, functioning as a Bitcoin Layer 2 daemon that manages payment channels and settles transactions on the Bitcoin blockchain. It serves as an off-chain payment processor and a cryptographic wallet manager, enabling the execution of instant, scalable transactions through a network node. The project distinguishes itself through a focus on secure node networking and programmatic control. It provides gRPC and REST API servers for automating payment workflows and utilizes macaroon-based authorization to delegate granular permissions via c

This project provides a framework for implementing Ethereum account abstraction, enabling the creation of programmable smart contract wallets. It serves as an implementation of the standardized protocol for managing blockchain accounts, allowing developers to replace traditional private keys with custom logic for authentication and signature verification. The infrastructure centers on a core orchestration contract that validates and executes bundled transaction requests. This architecture supports the grouping of multiple operations into a single network request to optimize gas usage, alongsi

Noir is a domain-specific language and development framework designed for writing and compiling cryptographic circuits. It functions as a compiler that translates high-level code into intermediate representations, enabling the creation of zero-knowledge proofs that verify the validity of private data without revealing the underlying information. The framework distinguishes itself through a backend-agnostic architecture that decouples circuit logic from specific cryptographic proving systems. By providing a modular interface and abstraction layer, it allows developers to generate verifiable co

snarkOS is a distributed runtime environment and zero-knowledge proof blockchain designed for deploying and managing applications that rely on zero-knowledge cryptographic primitives. It functions as a decentralized ledger that uses zero-knowledge proofs to verify state transitions and transactions without revealing private data. The system utilizes a bonded-account consensus network where validators lock assets as collateral to secure a global state. It features an encrypted state ledger to track application data privately and a GPU-accelerated prover that offloads heavy cryptographic comput

Fuel Core is a Rust-based implementation of a distributed ledger and a full node for the Fuel v2 protocol. It functions as a layer 2 blockchain client designed to execute binary encoded transactions and synchronize shared state across a decentralized network. The system utilizes a deterministic state machine to ensure all nodes reach the same ledger state and employs a binary-encoded message protocol for network communication. It provides the ability to operate full network nodes or bootstrap private local instances for development and testing. The project covers a broad set of capabilities

fhevm is a full-stack blockchain framework designed to integrate Fully Homomorphic Encryption into smart contracts. It provides a platform for developing confidential smart contracts that can process encrypted data and execute private on-chain computations without decrypting the underlying information. The framework utilizes a coprocessor system to offload resource-intensive encrypted operations to an asynchronous service, improving blockchain performance and scalability. It incorporates a secure key management service based on multi-party computation and a zero-knowledge proof verifier to en

Tachyon is a suite of hardware-accelerated engines and modular infrastructure for generating succinct non-interactive arguments of knowledge and polynomial commitments. It provides a GPU-accelerated zero-knowledge proof backend and a prover system designed to construct proofs from high-level circuit descriptions. The project distinguishes itself through a GPU cryptographic accelerator that offloads elliptic curve operations, field arithmetic, and cryptographic hashes to graphics hardware. This infrastructure includes a specialized polynomial commitment engine and modular components that allow

Leo is a zero-knowledge proof programming language and a formally verified language designed to prove the mathematical correctness of application logic and cryptographic circuits. It serves as a private application framework and a ZK-circuit compiler that transforms high-level source code into the low-level constraints required to generate and verify zero-knowledge proofs. The project provides a toolset for zero-knowledge application development and ZK circuit engineering, enabling the creation of private smart contract logic. It allows developers to write high-level code that compiles into c

Hazelcast is a distributed data platform that combines an in-memory data grid with a stream processing engine to support real-time analytics and event-driven applications. It functions as a partitioned, distributed key-value store that replicates data across cluster nodes to provide low-latency access and high availability. The platform also serves as a distributed SQL query engine, allowing users to execute standard SQL statements against both in-memory datasets and external data sources. What distinguishes Hazelcast is its use of a distributed consensus subsystem to maintain strongly consis

Union is an interoperability messaging protocol and trust-minimized asset bridge designed to transport data and instructions across diverse blockchain ecosystems. It provides a zero-knowledge cross-chain bridge and a state verifier that uses zero-knowledge provers and light clients to validate blockchain state transitions without relying on trusted intermediaries. The project features a WebAssembly blockchain runtime that hosts virtualized smart contracts and stacks for extensible network functionality. It employs a modular relayer architecture and a decentralized mechanism for moving assets

Lux is a blockchain infrastructure project providing a distributed ledger and a smart contract platform. It utilizes a hybrid proof-of-work and proof-of-stake consensus mechanism to secure decentralized transactions and maintain network stability. The project features a peer-to-peer ecosystem that includes a decentralized file storage system for immutable data, a masternode network for governance, and a cross-chain asset bridge. It distinguishes itself with an ASIC-resistant hashing algorithm optimized for general-purpose CPUs and a decentralized order book for matching trades without a centr