Programming Languages

Taichi is a domain-specific programming language embedded in Python designed for high-performance numerical computing and computer graphics. It functions as a parallel compiler that translates high-level mathematical expressions into optimized machine instructions, enabling developers to write compute-intensive algorithms that execute across diverse hardware architectures, including CPUs, GPUs, and specialized accelerators. The project distinguishes itself through a hardware-agnostic execution layer that maps parallel operations to multiple backends such as CUDA, Metal, and Vulkan. By utilizing a static type inference engine and an intermediate representation graph, the system performs hardware-independent optimizations before generating code. This architecture allows for the serialization of compiled kernels into standalone binary formats, facilitating the deployment of high-performance logic into production environments without requiring the full development toolchain. Beyond its core compilation capabilities, the system provides a unified memory management layer to coordinate data movement between host and device memory spaces. These features support the development of complex physical simulations and visual effects that require direct manipulation of pixels and geometry on graphics hardware.

CPython is the primary, community-maintained reference implementation of the Python programming language. It functions as a high-level, interpreted execution environment that compiles source code into platform-independent bytecode for processing by a stack-based virtual machine. The runtime manages memory through a combination of reference counting and generational cyclic garbage collection, while dynamic type dispatching determines object behavior at runtime based on metadata stored within object headers. The project is distinguished by its C-based architecture, which provides a stable foreign function interface for integrating performance-critical native code directly with the interpreter's internal objects. To ensure thread safety within its shared internal state, the runtime utilizes a global interpreter lock that serializes the execution of bytecode instructions. This design supports a comprehensive standard library and enables the development of complex applications across diverse computing environments. Beyond the core interpreter, the project maintains a robust infrastructure for cross-platform binary distribution, including support for universal binaries and framework-based installations on macOS. It includes extensive built-in tooling for performance benchmarking, testing, and build configuration, all of which are managed through a collaborative open-source workflow. The repository provides a comprehensive developer’s guide and established coding style standards to support ongoing contributions and language evolution. Detailed instructions for building the interpreter from source on Unix and containerized environments are available within the project documentation.

This project is the core source code for a general-purpose, server-side scripting language designed for web development. It provides a high-performance execution engine that parses and runs scripts to generate dynamic content, supported by a comprehensive standard library for data manipulation, networking, and system interaction. The repository serves as an open-source development platform where the language runtime and its interpreter are built, maintained, and evolved through community-driven governance. The runtime is powered by a stack-based virtual machine that executes compiled bytecode, utilizing abstract syntax tree parsing and reference counting for memory management. It distinguishes itself through a decoupled interface layer that enables interaction with various web servers and command-line environments, alongside a modular C-based extension API. This architecture allows developers to create and compile native modules to add specialized functionality or performance optimizations directly to the core environment. The project maintains a platform abstraction layer to ensure consistent behavior across diverse operating systems and hardware architectures. It supports a structured lifecycle for language evolution, including formal proposal tracking, community discussion, and voting processes. Users can deploy the runtime via pre-built binaries, package managers, or by compiling the source code directly using standard development tools.

This repository serves as the official tracking and governance framework for the evolution of the ECMAScript language. It provides the structured methodology used by the software standards committee to manage the lifecycle of new language features, guiding them from initial ideation through formal ratification in the official technical specification. The process relies on a stage-gate maturity model that requires increasing levels of technical evidence, experimental prototyping, and community consensus before a feature can advance. This approach ensures that every addition to the language undergoes rigorous public review and is supported by comprehensive conformance test suites to maintain consistency across execution environments. The project maintains the living documentation that defines the precise behavior of the language. It coordinates the annual release cycle by managing the formal review periods and tracking the progression of proposals through the standardization pipeline.